Joseph 等[59] 提出了一种基于黑碳理化性质的分类方法,考虑的

Joseph 等[59] 提出了一种基于黑碳理化性质的分类方法,考虑的因素依次是碳含量、易降解碳含量、表面
积和孔隙度、阳离子交换量和官能团。
表1摇残渣态黑碳和浓缩态黑碳的成因及理化性质差异
Table 1摇Formation, physical and chemical properties of residual and condensate black carbons
残渣态黑碳
Residual black carbon
浓缩态黑碳
Condensate black carbon
参考文献
References
形成过程
Formation 成因
固体燃烧物质热解残留
而成
燃烧生成气体中的碳浓
缩聚合而成[45,57]
形成温度低(600 益) [47鄄48]
物理性质粒径大(cm 至滋m) 小(滋m 至nm) [19]
Physical properties BET 比表面积a 大(1. 3—776 m2 / g) 小(3. 6—127 m2 / g) [60鄄61]
平均孔隙直径b 小(2. 8 nm) 大(9. 9—19. 5 nm) [56,60]
化学性质
Chemical properties 元素组成H/ C:0. 16—1. 52
O/ C:0. 11—0. 72
N/ C:0. 0016—0. 14
H/ C:0. 1—0. 69
O/ C:0. 08—0. 33
N/ C:0. 016—0. 07
[25,62鄄63]
官能团多(0. 26—3. 02 mmol/ g) 少[61],[63]
芳香程度低高[51]
摇摇a:有研究发现使用氮气的标准BET 法不能检测孔径小于2 nm 的微孔表面积,但是用二氧化碳法则能检测出浓缩态黑碳如烟炱有很大的微
孔表面积[22,64] ; b:不包含

Resultados (inglés) 1:

Joseph 等[59] 提出了一种基于黑碳理化性质的分类方法,考虑的因素依次是碳含量、易降解碳含量、表面积和孔隙度、阳离子交换量和官能团。表1摇残渣态黑碳和浓缩态黑碳的成因及理化性质差异Table 1摇Formation, physical and chemical properties of residual and condensate black carbons残渣态黑碳Residual black carbon浓缩态黑碳Condensate black carbon参考文献References形成过程Formation 成因固体燃烧物质热解残留而成燃烧生成气体中的碳浓缩聚合而成[45,57]形成温度低(<600 益) 高(>600 益) [47鄄48]物理性质粒径大(cm 至滋m) 小(滋m 至nm) [19]Physical properties BET 比表面积a 大(1. 3—776 m2 / g) 小(3. 6—127 m2 / g) [60鄄61]平均孔隙直径b 小(2. 8 nm) 大(9. 9—19. 5 nm) [56,60]化学性质Chemical properties 元素组成H/ C:0. 16—1. 52O/ C:0. 11—0. 72N/ C:0. 0016—0. 14H/ C:0. 1—0. 69O/ C:0. 08—0. 33N/ C:0. 016—0. 07[25,62鄄63]官能团多(0. 26—3. 02 mmol/ g) 少[61],[63]芳香程度低高[51]摇摇a:有研究发现使用氮气的标准BET 法不能检测孔径小于2 nm 的微孔表面积,但是用二氧化碳法则能检测出浓缩态黑碳如烟炱有很大的微孔表面积[22,64] ; b:不包含<2 nm 的孔隙3摇黑碳的来源与辨析3. 1摇黑碳的来源黑碳的来源一般从3 个方面讨论。一是类型来源:可分为天然源(包括岩石风化、生物质燃烧)和人为源(包括生物质燃烧、化石燃料燃烧);生物质源又可分为浮游生物、C3 植物、C4 植物等。二是时间来源:可分为现代源、历史源。三是空间来源:可分为陆源、海源;或者是本地源、外来源。3. 2摇黑碳来源辨析方法3.2. 1摇驻14C 分析结合地层年代分析,可辨析生物质源、化石燃料源、岩石源。现代生物质燃烧产生的黑碳中的14C 浓度与现代大气中的值相当,驻14 C 相应较大,近于0译;化石燃料源和岩石源的黑碳中几乎不含14 C,驻14C相应较小,近于-1000译[18,65鄄66] 。工业化之前的地层中若出现驻14 C 很小的黑碳,则可认为是来源于岩石风化[58,67] 。利用同位素质量平衡模型可进一步计算出生物质源和化石燃料源各自所占百分比[68] 。3. 2. 2摇啄13C 分析,可辨析陆地C3 植物源、C4 植物源以及淡水生物源、海洋生物源。已有的研究表明,C3 和C4 植物的啄13 C 的变化范围分别在-22译—-34译和-9译—-19译之间[69] ,淡水藻与海水藻啄13 C 分别在-27译—32译和-17译—-28译之间。基于生物的13C 丰度在死后保持不变这一假设,通过测定黑碳的啄13 C,可以区分其来源于哪一类生物[18,70] 。3. 2. 3摇粒径分析,可辨析本地源、外来源;粒径分析结合密度分析,可辨析GBC 的燃烧源、岩石源。由于不同粒径的搬运能力有差异,一般来说,较大粒径如毫米级的黑碳基本源自百米范围之内[71] ,而更小粒径的黑碳反映的是区域范围内大气背景值。Dickens 等[58] 把细而轻(<3 滋m、<2 g/ cm3 )的GBC 归于燃烧产生的烟炱,把粗而重(3—63 滋m、>2 g/ cm3)的归于岩石风化产生的石墨。3.2. 4摇多环芳烃(PAHs)分析,可辨析生物质源、化石燃料源。这是基于PAHs 与黑碳的同源性(二者都与不完全燃烧紧密联系)和共生性(黑碳大量吸附同源的PAHs),所以PAHs 来源辨析的结论可应用到黑碳尤其是浓缩态黑碳的来源分析上[24] 。Mitra 等[72] 使用b[a]a/ chry、b[b]f/ b[k]f、b[a]p/ b[e]p 等几种PAHs 异构体比率,分析得出密西西比河口颗粒黑碳中的27%来自化石燃料的使用。3. 2. 5摇形态特征分析,可辨析生物质源、化石燃料源。Fernandes 等[73] 和Brodowski 等[74] 分析了镜下黑碳颗粒的形态和表面纹理,认为燃油黑碳呈球形,质地均匀;燃煤黑碳呈多孔的球形或者不规则形状;生物质黑碳296 摇

Resultados (inglés) 2:

Joseph et al [59] proposed a classification method based on physical and chemical properties of carbon black, followed by considerations of the carbon content, readily biodegradable carbon content, surface
plot and porosity, cation exchange capacity and functional groups.
Table 1 shake residual black carbon and concentrated form of black carbon causes and physical and chemical properties
Table 1 shake Formation, physical and chemical properties of residual and condensate black carbons
residual black carbon
Residual black carbon
and concentrated state of black carbon
Condensate black carbon
References
References
formation
formation Causes of
solid biomass pyrolysis combustion residues
from
the combustion gas generated in the concentration of carbon
condensation polymerization [45, 57]
forming temperature is low (<600 benefit) high (> 600 benefit) [47 Juan 48]
physical properties of grain large diameter (cm to AIDS m) small (AIDS m to nm) [19]
the Physical Properties a BET specific surface area of a large (1. 3-776 m2 / g) small (3. 6-127 m2 / g) [ 60 Juan 61 ]
The average pore diameter b small (2. 8 nm) large (9. 9-19 5 nm.) [ 56,60]
and chemical properties
chemical properties of elements H / C:.. 0 16-1 52
O / C: 0 .. 72 11-0
N / C:.. 0 0016-0 14
H / C:.. 0 1-0 69
O / C:.. 0 33 08-0
N / C:.. 0 07 016-0
[25,62 Juan 63]
functional group multiple (0. 26-3 02 mmol / g. ) less [61], [63]
aromatic low level high [51]
shook a: studies have found that the use of standard nitrogen BET method can not detection aperture micropore surface area of less than 2 nm, but using carbon dioxide can be detected rule states concentrated carbon black smoke soot great micro
pore surface area [22,64]; b: does not contain <2 nm pore
3 shake carbon black Origin and Analysis
3.1 shake sources of black carbon
black carbon sources generally from three aspects discussed. One type Source: can be divided into natural sources (including weathering of rocks, biomass combustion) and anthropogenic sources
(including biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion); biomass sources can be divided into plankton, C3 plants, C4 plants. Second time source: can be divided into
modern source, historical sources. Third source: The source can be divided into land, sea source; or local sources, foreign sources.
3.2 Analysis Method Shake black carbon sources
3.2. 1 shake in 14C analysis combined DATING analysis, Analysis of biomass sources, fossil fuel sources, the source rock. Modern black carbon from biomass burning in
the 14C concentration in the atmosphere with the modern value equivalent to 14 C in a correspondingly larger, closer to 0. translation; black carbon fossil fuel sources and source rock in almost no 14 C,
in 14C correspondingly smaller, nearly -1000 translation [18,65 Juan 66]. Preindustrial strata if 14 C in tiny black carbon appears, may be considered to be derived from rock
weathering [58, 67]. The use of isotope mass balance model can be further calculated born fossil fuel sources and source material of their respective percentage of [68].
3. Shake 2.2 pecking 13C analysis, discrimination terrestrial C3 plant origin, C4 plant origin and source of freshwater organisms, marine life source. Previous studies showed, C3 and
pecking the 13 C range of C4 plants are between -22 and -9 translation translation translation --34 --19 translation [69], freshwater algae and sea algae Peck 13 C, respectively
translation -32 -17 -27 translation and translation between --28 translation. Bio-based 13C abundance remains unchanged after the death of this hypothesis by measuring black carbon pecking 13 C, can
in order to distinguish it from what kind of biological [18,70].
3. Shake 2.3 particle size analysis, Analysis of local sources, foreign sources; particle size analysis combined density analysis, discrimination GBC combustion source, the source rock. Due to the different
handling ability particle size differences, in general, the larger the particle size, such as millimeter from basic black carbon within hundred meters [71], while black carbon smaller particles
reflect the area within atmospheric background value. Dickens et al. [58] The thin and lightweight (<3 Zi m, <2 g / cm3) attributable to the GBC soot produced by combustion,
the thick and heavy (3-63 mayonnaise m,> 2 g / cm3) attributed to rock weathered graphite produced.
3.2. Shake 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) analysis, discrimination biomass source, fossil fuel sources. This is based on PAHs and black carbon homology (both with and without
closely incomplete combustion) and symbiotic (black carbon adsorption of a large number of homologous PAHs), so Analysis of PAHs source of conclusions can be applied to carbon black, especially
concentrated sources of carbon black on the state [24]. Mitra et al [72] using b [a] a / chry, b [b] f / b [k] f, b [a] p / b [e] p several PAHs and other isomer
ratios analysis reveals Mississippi estuary carbon black particles of 27% from the use of fossil fuels.
3. Shake 2.5 morphological analysis, Analysis of biomass sources, fossil fuel sources. Fernandes et al [73] and Brodowski et al [74] analyzed the microscopic particles of carbon black
morphology and surface texture of particles that fuel black carbon spherical, homogeneous; coal-fired carbon black is porous spherical or irregular shape; biomass BC
296 shake

Resultados (inglés) 3:

[59] et al. Joseph proposed a classification method based on the physical and chemical properties of black carbon, in which the factors are carbon content, carbon content, surfaceProduct and porosity, cation exchange capacity and functional groups.Table 1 the origin and physical and chemical properties of black carbon and condensed black carbon black carbonTable 1 Shake physical, and chemical properties of Formation residual and condensate black carbonsBlack carbon residueBlack carbon ResidualCondensed Black CarbonBlack carbon CondensateReferenceReferencesForming processFormation genesisPyrolysis residue of solid combustion materialACarbon concentration in combustion gasCondensation polymerization of [45,57]The formation of low temperature (<600 Yi) high (>600 Yi) - 48] [47Physical properties of large particle size (cm to Zi m) small (m to nm) [19]Physical properties BET a large surface area (1.3 - 776 m2 / g) small (3.6 - 127 m2 / g) [60 - 61][56,60] small (2.8 nm) with average pore diameter (b) large (9.9 - 19.5 nm)Chemical propertyProperties Chemical element composition C:0. H/ 16 - 1.52C:0. O/ 11 - 0.72C:0. N/ 0016 - 0.14C:0. H/ 1 - 0.69C:0. O/ 08 - 0.33C:0. N/ 016 - 0.07[25,62 - 63]Functional groups (0.26 - 3.02 g mmol/) less [61], [63]Low aromatic degree [51]Shake: a study found that the use of Nitrogen Standard BET method cannot detect aperture is less than 2 nm micropore surface area, but with the law of carbon dioxide can detect condensed state smoke black carbon soot great microPore surface area b:; <2 does not contain nm [22,64] poreThe origin and differentiation of 3 black carbon black3.1 sources of black carbonThe sources of black carbon are generally discussed from 3 aspects. First, the type of source: can be divided into natural sources (including rock weathering, biomass burning) and anthropogenic sources(including biomass burning, burning of fossil fuels); biomass sources can be divided into plankton, C3 plants, C4 plants, etc.. Two is the source of time: can be divided intoModern sources and historical sources. Three is the source of space can be divided into terrestrial, Haiyuan or foreign sources; local sources.Method for discrimination of 3.2 black carbon sources3.2. 1 shake in 14C analysis combined with stratigraphic analysis, can be analyzed biomass source, fossil fuel source, rock source. Black carbon produced by modern biomass combustionThe 14C concentration is equivalent to the value of the modern atmosphere, in the 14 C corresponding to a larger, nearly 0 translation; fossil fuel source and the source of black carbon in the source of almost 14 C,In 14C small, close to -1000 [18,65 - 66]. If the formation of the industrial before the 14 C in a small black carbon, it can be considered from the rockWeathering [58,67]. By using isotope mass balance model, the percentage of birth material source and fossil fuel source are calculated to be [68].2.2 3 shake peck 13C analysis, can be discriminated on the land C3 plant, C4 plant sources, as well as freshwater biological sources, marine biological source. Existing studies have indicated that C3 andThe variation range of C4 in plants was in the range of C, -34, -22, -19, -9, [69] and, respectively. The fresh water algae and the sea water algae peck 13 C respectively.-27 translation between 32 and -17 translation of -28. Based on the hypothesis that the 13C abundance in the organism remains unchanged after death, the black carbon is determined by the determination of the 13 C, which can beTo distinguish between the source of what kind of biological [18,70].2.3 shake size analysis, can discriminate the local source, foreign source, particle size analysis combined with the density analysis, GBC can differentiate the combustion source, the source of the rock. As differentThere are differences in the particle size of the handling capacity, in general, larger particle size such as millimeter level of black carbon basic from [71] within the range of 100 meters, and smaller size of black carbonReflect the atmospheric background values in the region. Dickens [58] the thin and light (<3 m, <2 g/, cm3 GBC) to soot combustion,The coarse and heavy (63 - 3 m, g/ cm3 >2) attributed to the rock weathering graphite.3.2. 4 shake polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) analysis, can be discriminated biomass source, fossil fuel source. This is based on the homology between PAHs and black carbon (both of the two with noComplete combustion of the closely linked) and symbiotic (black carbon adsorption of a large number of homologous PAHs), so PAHs source analysis of the conclusions can be applied to the black carbon, especially theSource of Condensed Black Carbon [24]. Mitra and other [72] using chry b[b]f/, b[k]f b[a]p/, b[e]p b[a]a/ and other PAHs isomersThe analysis of 27% of the black carbon in the estuary of the Mississippi is derived from the use of fossil fuels.2.5 the morphological characteristics of 3 shake can be analyzed, and the source of biomass and fossil fuels can be analyzed. Fernandes and other [73] and [74] Brodowski analysis of the black carbon under the microscopeGrain shape and surface texture, that the fuel black carbon was spherical, uniform texture; coal black carbon was porous spherical or irregular shape; biomass carbon black296 shake